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费曼学习法

费曼学习法(Feynman technique)被描述为这样一种过程:一个人尝试把某些信息写成孩子也能听懂的解释[1]。“以教促学”(Lernen durch Lehren,learning by teaching)这一教育原则,长期以来被认为能通过教别人的过程加深学生的理解[2]。

要点

  • 当写作者遇到无法轻松解释的部分时,这一方法的做法是回头重读或进一步查阅该主题[1]。
  • 在“塑料鸭嘴兽学习法”(plastic platypus technique)中,学习者无需他人在场,也可以讲解所学内容[3]。
  • 在以教促学中,经教师准备之后,学生要为自己的学习和讲授负责[4]。
  • 在以教促学中,教师仍积极参与,当讲授的学生卡住或听讲的学生似乎没有理解时,教师会介入[4]。

怎么做

  1. 一个人尝试把某些信息写成孩子也能听懂的解释[1]。
  2. 必要时,提出原创的类比[1]。
  3. 写作者遇到自己无法轻松解释的部分[1]。
  4. 写作者回头重读或查阅该主题,直到能够解释清楚[1]。

没有听众的讲解

塑料鸭嘴兽学习法被描述为一种相关方法,其依据是有证据表明,向无生命的物体讲解某一主题可以提高理解和记忆保持[5]。软件工程中的“橡皮鸭调试法”(rubber duck debugging)被描述为类似的概念:程序员向橡皮鸭之类的无生命物体逐行解释代码,就可能发现其中的错误[3]。

课堂中的以教促学

在以教促学(LdL)中,新内容被分成小单元,学生组成不超过三人的小组[4]。学生被鼓励尝试各种方式,把内容教给其他同学[6]。除了学会内容之外,另一个目标被描述为培养生活技能,如尊重他人、制订计划、解决问题、敢于在公众面前尝试以及沟通能力[6]。

翻转教学中的学生讲课

在有计划的翻转教学课程中,教师在课前一周发放教学材料,让学生准备讲课[7]。学生小组用讲课章节代替作业,然后在同学面前授课[7]。专业讲师随后在小组讲课结束时进行讨论、补充并给出反馈,扮演教练的角色[7]。

已核查来源: 2026-10-16

参考来源

  1. C Staff (5 March 2021). "Feynman Technique for Learning" . Library, William S. Richardson School of Law , University of Hawaiʻi . Retrieved 31 July 2021 . law-hawaii.libguides.com (via Wikipedia: Learning by teaching)
  2. C Adamson, Timothy; Ghose, Debasmita; Yasuda, Shannon C.; Shepard, Lucas Jehu Silva; Lewkowicz, Michal A.; Duan, Joyce; Scassellati, Brian (2021-03-08). "Why We Should Build Robots That Both Teach and Learn" . Proceedings of the 2021 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction . Vol. 9. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 187– 196. doi : 10.1145/3434073.3444647 . ISBN 978-1-4503-8289-2 . dx.doi.org (via Wikipedia: Learning by teaching)
  3. B Koh, Aloysius Wei Lun; Lee, Sze Chi; Lim, Stephen Wee Hun (2018). "The learning benefits of teaching: A retrieval practice hypothesis". Applied Cognitive Psychology . 32 (3): 401– 410. doi : 10.1002/acp.3410 . doi.org (via Wikipedia: Learning by teaching)
  4. C Heinrich, Christian (November 2007). "Learning by Teaching: The Goal is Independence" . Goethe-Institut . goethe.de (via Wikipedia: Learning by teaching)
  5. B "Learning by teaching others is extremely effective – a new study tested a key reason why" . 2018-05-04. Archived from the original on 2022-07-16 . Retrieved 2018-10-17 . web.archive.org; Aslan, Safiye (2015). "Is Learning by Teaching Effective in Gaining 21st Century Skills? The Views of Pre-Service Science Teachers". Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice . 15 (6). doi : 10.12738/estp.2016.1.0019 (inactive 12 July 2025). {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 ( link ) doi.org; Bargh, John A.; Schul, Yaacov (1980). "On the cognitive benefits of teaching". Journal of Educational Psychology . 72 (5): 593– 604. doi : 10.1037/0022-0663.72.5.593 . doi.org (via Wikipedia: Learning by teaching)
  6. B Thimm, Katja (1 July 2002). "Guten Morgen, liebe Zahlen" . Der Spiegel . spiegel.de; Kahl, Reinhard (October 22, 2008). "Unterricht: Schüler als Lehrer" . Zeit (in German). zeit.de; Stollhans, S. (2016). "Learning by teaching: developing transferable skills." (PDF) . In Corradini, E.; Borthwick, K.; Gallagher-Brett, A. (eds.). Employability for languages: a handbook (PDF) . Dublin: Researchpublishing.net. pp. 161– 164. doi : 10.14705/rpnet.2016.cbg2016.478 . ISBN 978-1-908416-39-1 . S2CID 63643548 . eprints.nottingham.ac.uk; Grzega, Joachim; Schöner, Marion (4 July 2008). "The didactic model LdL (Lernen durch Lehren) as a way of preparing students for communication in a knowledge society". Journal of Education for Teaching . 34 (3): 167– 175. doi : 10.1080/02607470802212157 . S2CID 59268569 . doi.org (via Wikipedia: Learning by teaching)
  7. B Mastmeyer, A. (2020). "Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Transforming to Flipped-Classroom from Instruction Teaching using Micro Feedback Loops". Manuscript Work in Progress : 1– 42. doi : 10.5281/zenodo.4000357 . doi.org (via Wikipedia: Learning by teaching)

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