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提取练习

提取练习(retrieval practice)也叫测试效应、主动回忆、练习测试或测试增强学习,指的是如果把一部分学习时间用来从记忆中提取信息,长期记忆就会增强[1][2]。有研究指出,对已有知识进行测试,比只阅读或被动学习材料更有利于学习,测试对记忆越有挑战性,效果越明显[3]。

要点

  • 认知心理学家正与教育工作者合作,把测试当作教学工具,而不仅仅是评估工具[4]。
  • 在较新的研究中,与其他学习方式相比,测试知识能带来更好的学习结果[5][6]。
  • 一项针对自由回忆研究的元分析认为,测试效应的相关文献是直接测试效应和前向测试效应的混合体,而不是一个连贯的整体[7]。

它如何起作用

提取练习不同于更宽泛的练习效应(practice effect),后者指的是因练习或重复任务项目、活动而产生的任何变化或进步[8]。与重新学习(restudying)等策略相比,提取练习能改善记忆,人们认为它至少通过两种方式发挥作用:直接测试效应(对被测内容的记忆提高)和前向测试效应(对练习测试之后所学内容的记忆提高)[7]。

有一种解释认为,测试通过产生驱动学习的误差信号来帮助记忆[9]。在一项使用色轮的实验中,练习时的误差越大,记忆更新越多[9]。在第二项实验中,学习者自己估计的答错程度,也能在实际误差大小之外预测记忆更新[9]。

脑成像(功能性磁共振成像)表明,提取练习通过作用于海马体前部和后部的“双重作用”来增强之后的记忆保持[10]。

研究告诉我们什么

练习后立即测试时,重新学习的单词通常回忆得更准确,而随着时间推移,经过测试的单词回忆得更好[11]。这说明使用测试对长期记忆和提取更有益,也支持了“测试是学习机会”的观点[12][13]。

在一项以模拟导览活动为对象的研究中(每组26人),提取事件细节能让这些细节在两周后记得更牢,前提是练习时成功提取了它们;这一证据被描述为初步的[14]。提取还让人们在回忆叙述中更多地运用已有的语义知识[14]。在同一项研究中,提取并没有以其他方式影响对未复习内容的记忆、叙述的准确性或叙述的组织方式[14]。

个性特征或工作记忆容量的个体差异,似乎不会对测试效应产生负面影响,而且对能力较低的人影响更大[15][16]。

学习另一种语言的词汇

一项研究考察了以汉语为母语、英语为第二语言的人学习日语词汇的情况[17]。58名没有日语基础的参与者,通过重复学习或提取练习来学习30对日语-汉语词对[17]。

与重复学习相比,带反馈的提取练习让参与者在15分钟后的线索回忆测试中表现更好,在30天和50天后的再认测试中也表现更好[17]。随着间隔变长,参与者预测的成绩下降,但在任何间隔下,两种方法之间都没有显著差异[17]。

证据的局限

一项针对自由回忆研究的元分析发现,66%的“测试效应”来自混合研究,这些研究混淆了直接和前向测试效应,只有34%来自直接研究[7]。混合研究得出的测试效应比直接研究更大,而且前向成分对所观察到的效应有时增强、有时减弱、有时影响居中[7]。

在一项让参与者学习句子并给出答案反馈的研究中,对未训练项目的迁移效应,在重复学习和训练后10分钟出现,而单次学习和训练后没有出现[18]。这种效应随时间下降,在重复学习和训练后一周时显著低于随机水平[18]。

有些研究者怀疑测试时知识能否在同一主题内迁移,也有一些研究给出了相互矛盾的证据,不过推理性思维得到了支持[19][20][21]。

已核查来源: 2026-10-11

参考来源

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  10. B Wiklund-Hörnqvist, Carola; Stillesjö, Sara; Andersson, Micael; Jonsson, Bert; Nyberg, Lars (January 2021). "Retrieval practice facilitates learning by strengthening processing in both the anterior and posterior hippocampus" . Brain and Behavior . 11 (1): e01909. doi : 10.1002/brb3.1909 . ISSN 2162-3279 . PMC 7821628 . PMID 33094555 . ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (via Wikipedia: Testing effect)
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  15. B Bertilsson, Frida; Stenlund, Tova; Wiklund-Hörnqvist, Carola; Jonsson, Bert (March 2021). "Retrieval Practice: Beneficial for All Students or Moderated by Individual Differences?" . Psychology Learning & Teaching . 20 (1): 21– 39. doi : 10.1177/1475725720973494 . ISSN 1475-7257 . S2CID 229459300 . doi.org (via Wikipedia: Testing effect)
  16. B Agarwal, Pooja K.; Finley, Jason R.; Rose, Nathan S.; Roediger, Henry L. (2017-07-03). "Benefits from retrieval practice are greater for students with lower working memory capacity" . Memory . 25 (6): 764– 771. doi : 10.1080/09658211.2016.1220579 . ISSN 0965-8211 . PMID 27531308 . S2CID 3649863 . tandfonline.com (via Wikipedia: Testing effect)
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