提取练习
提取练习(retrieval practice)也叫测试效应、主动回忆、练习测试或测试增强学习,指的是如果把一部分学习时间用来从记忆中提取信息,长期记忆就会增强[1][2]。有研究指出,对已有知识进行测试,比只阅读或被动学习材料更有利于学习,测试对记忆越有挑战性,效果越明显[3]。
要点
它如何起作用
提取练习不同于更宽泛的练习效应(practice effect),后者指的是因练习或重复任务项目、活动而产生的任何变化或进步[8]。与重新学习(restudying)等策略相比,提取练习能改善记忆,人们认为它至少通过两种方式发挥作用:直接测试效应(对被测内容的记忆提高)和前向测试效应(对练习测试之后所学内容的记忆提高)[7]。
有一种解释认为,测试通过产生驱动学习的误差信号来帮助记忆[9]。在一项使用色轮的实验中,练习时的误差越大,记忆更新越多[9]。在第二项实验中,学习者自己估计的答错程度,也能在实际误差大小之外预测记忆更新[9]。
脑成像(功能性磁共振成像)表明,提取练习通过作用于海马体前部和后部的“双重作用”来增强之后的记忆保持[10]。
研究告诉我们什么
练习后立即测试时,重新学习的单词通常回忆得更准确,而随着时间推移,经过测试的单词回忆得更好[11]。这说明使用测试对长期记忆和提取更有益,也支持了“测试是学习机会”的观点[12][13]。
在一项以模拟导览活动为对象的研究中(每组26人),提取事件细节能让这些细节在两周后记得更牢,前提是练习时成功提取了它们;这一证据被描述为初步的[14]。提取还让人们在回忆叙述中更多地运用已有的语义知识[14]。在同一项研究中,提取并没有以其他方式影响对未复习内容的记忆、叙述的准确性或叙述的组织方式[14]。
学习另一种语言的词汇
一项研究考察了以汉语为母语、英语为第二语言的人学习日语词汇的情况[17]。58名没有日语基础的参与者,通过重复学习或提取练习来学习30对日语-汉语词对[17]。
与重复学习相比,带反馈的提取练习让参与者在15分钟后的线索回忆测试中表现更好,在30天和50天后的再认测试中也表现更好[17]。随着间隔变长,参与者预测的成绩下降,但在任何间隔下,两种方法之间都没有显著差异[17]。
证据的局限
一项针对自由回忆研究的元分析发现,66%的“测试效应”来自混合研究,这些研究混淆了直接和前向测试效应,只有34%来自直接研究[7]。混合研究得出的测试效应比直接研究更大,而且前向成分对所观察到的效应有时增强、有时减弱、有时影响居中[7]。
在一项让参与者学习句子并给出答案反馈的研究中,对未训练项目的迁移效应,在重复学习和训练后10分钟出现,而单次学习和训练后没有出现[18]。这种效应随时间下降,在重复学习和训练后一周时显著低于随机水平[18]。
有些研究者怀疑测试时知识能否在同一主题内迁移,也有一些研究给出了相互矛盾的证据,不过推理性思维得到了支持[19][20][21]。
参考来源
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